Argumentative Essay Topics on Sports

<h1>Argumentative Essay Topics on Sports</h1><p>Sports pugnacious expositions are a point that individuals who play or work in the wearing field might just wind up with. There are contentions, discussions and numerous different sorts of contentions that should be settled for a game to have the option to be effective. On the off chance that you are searching for a subject for your own contentious paper, here are probably the best contentions that are utilized in sports.</p><p></p><p>Anyone who peruses an exposition that is only a point for contention may have their own inclinations, however perhaps the best contention is the 'banana contention'. This contention was really put on the map by the American business bunch the Business Roundtable, and this can be applied to sports also. The banana contention expresses that when a game has four groups, the chances of dominating the match will never be supportive of the group who is behind in the chec k of players and the individual behind the white banner is the most loved to win the game.</p><p></p><p>When composing a whole contention about the games part of the contention, there are a couple of focuses that you ought to consider. The principal thing that you have to ensure is that you have made the entire contention dependent on the game. The contention needs to cover all parts of the game, not simply the playing of the game itself.</p><p></p><p>You additionally need to compose your article as indicated by the games insights that you definitely know. In the event that you are expounding on baseball insights, the topic of the article might be not quite the same as that of ball measurements. You can likewise utilize this point to ensure that you are as explicit about the topic as possible.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise consider utilizing certain words and expressions that are generally utilized in sport s. Certain games authors use the utilization of the word 'hotshot' to get perusers to peruse their expositions. Nonetheless, you can utilize the word 'hotshot' to get individuals to peruse your pugnacious article on a game for any number of reasons.</p><p></p><p>Sports scholars frequently utilize a couple of these equivalent ideas when composing papers about baseball and ball. For instance, it is entirely expected to see sports essayists talk about 'the fight between the Yankees and the Red Sox'the duel between the Spurs and the Warriors'. These are on the whole employments of the term 'duel' and can be utilized to associate the contention to any of different games that are on the discussion list.</p><p></p><p>Sports essayists are permitted to utilize these terms, regardless of whether they aren't the most mainstream right now. Utilizing them can make for a superior contentious article than one that doesn't utilize them by any means. T his is only one of the numerous reasons why sports pugnacious expositions are such a decent subject for a theory or theses.</p>

Ideas and Passion Flare Up on Sampl

Ideas and Passion Flare Up on SamplSampl is a community that is based on popular Internet phrases and where people can discuss and share their own unique ideas, trivia, or even laugh at the same topics of discussion. It seems that by going on Sampl you are more likely to spark your own little spark of something new and unexpected.Others may ask that it's just a 'show' and I'm not sure that's necessarily true. I find that as a member of Sampl I have had numerous experiences of inspiration come to me and be shared with others as well. The fun is in the sharing and learning about this resource we have all picked up as we speak.Perhaps there is an underlying theme that is sharing and exploring and we all have a distinct essence to share in this society. Is this the best idea that the best minds have ever thought of? Perhaps it is the only idea that is worthy enough for us to share. This might help everyone think of the best way to think of what we all have in common and the best way to i gnite the passion that we all share in this endeavor.When I'm having the most fun on Sampl I see myself as one of the explorers of a similar philosophy that these others have. The wisdom that comes through Sampl and is shared to others is worth the price of admission alone.On the other hand, maybe I am holding back and the discussion that gets held on Sampl is simply an elaborate way to avoid having to think. But it's fun when we are forced to think.Whatever the case, I enjoy myself and I know when I am having the most fun on Sampl. If you are willing to share and ask questions and truly think things through, Sampl might be your best avenue to letting your ideas fly in the open and see what people think.What about if you are a sports fan and you are looking for the best ideas about sports and why they happen or what makes them tick? You can use Sampl and the brilliant information provided by all of the participants in the forum to spark that spark and pull out some gems. Consider th e forums as a place to get away from all the activities of everyday life and just let your imagination run wild.How do you like to get away from the stress of the day? Then give Sampl a try and start thinking outside the box. You never know what you will get when you take that step away from our everyday world.

Linux-Based Application Paper Topics

Linux-Based Application Paper TopicsGetting involved in Linux-based research has been making its presence felt in the world of information technology. The past few years have seen a surge in the usage of Linux-based operating systems for various applications, applications that the OEMs of computers and all other kinds of IT equipment are increasingly getting into. An obvious factor behind this is that there is greater assurance of end-user friendly programs from a Linux based OS.There is an ever increasing need for developers to get their hands on such an operating system, especially those wanting to make use of it for IT applications. If you want to use a system that is easy to access and simple to use, Linux is the way to go. In fact, there are other options but none are as well suited to a project as Linux, which is the most important part of the equation.Linux-based application paper topics tend to revolve around security. Most people assume that the fact that Linux is open sourc e is a good thing, since it gives everyone access to the code and can be used for whatever the individual wants. While it may be true that these aspects of the OS are true, it does not necessarily mean that it will work for any application.Linux can be problematic because it is not limited to application needs, so the job of the researcher must be to find the best way to make it work for them. When a researcher does this, they will find that many of the pitfalls of an Open Source OS are circumvented.The simplest way to bypass the pitfalls of an open source operating system is to ensure that the software being used is appropriate for it. What is an appropriate software for Linux? It has to be compatible with the OS, which means that it has to be compatible with Linux, and it has to be able to read the source code of the OS and put it into the application, if it can be made to do so.Another pitfall of an Open Source OS when it comes to security and application paper topics is that the re is no form of update. Many who do the research on the code of the OS often times find that there is no easy way to go back and ensure that they are up to date with changes.Once you understand the pitfalls of an Open Source OS and have obtained proper application paper topics, you will be better prepared to make a choice. A decision like this could have a huge impact on your career.

The Secret Truth on Reservation Blues Essay Topics Uncovered

The Secret Truth on Reservation Blues Essay Topics Uncovered The War Against Reservation Blues Essay Topics There are lots of aspects about a sport that may be argued in an essay. Write an essay to convince your principal your idea is one that needs to be adopted. Thus, for your coursework, you're want to have the very best ideas. Some might even offer like five hundred or maybe a thousand of suggestions for your essay. Ruthless Reservation Blues Essay Topics Strategies Exploited Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. In present society, education is among the most valued steps in attaining a great life. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. For example, they might write about the benefits of a vegan diet. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task because you must demonstrate your analytical skills. To choose which subject you're l ikely to discuss, it's vital to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the specific area of study. Also, an entire revision is essential at the close of the undertaking. If you experience a writer's block try utilizing essay introduction generator to provide you with some suggestions on how to proceed. Don't neglect to bring a strong hook at the beginning (introduction paragraph) and wind up with an impressive conclusion to create the reader want to go over the interesting persuasive essay topics of your selection. Additionally, you can capture reader attention with the assistance of funny essay topics. Well, no matter your reason may be, if you have located the topic which you're passionate about, all you have to do is contact our expert writers and get essay help from the top essay writing service available. Once you comprehend the sort of essay, it's time to choose a topic. Instead, start after the assignment is given so that you're able to have ample time to choose a topic, do your research and produce the last draft. With just essay questions and a few keywords it's going to be able to produce written work that's unique, creative and absolutely free of plagiarism, in only a couple of seconds. No matter if you're looking for essay topic generator or simply want professional assist with your college or university essay, we are pleased to supply you with a help hand! When you use a topic generator, you believe you're likely to have a topic that's grammatically correct which usually means you truly don't concentrate on whether that's true or not. So be certain that you decide on a subject, which has values in it. No matter the topic might be, all you have to do is to enter the topic and you'll immediately find an essay on your computer screen. You will likely find a different and wonderful topic you will love to write about. School should occur in the evenings. Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. In an academic setting, but the paper ought to be formatted and organized in line with the corresponding standards without the usage of informal languages like slang or jargon. You're now prepared to compose your very first research paper and you can't decide what things to write it on. It is essential to opt for a great topi c so as to compose an excellent paper. It is essential that you choose an intriguing topic because it is going to ensure it is effortless for you to compose your paper. You have to make certain your paper does not have any grammar issues when you submit it. With all these alternatives to explore, it is often quite overwhelming to choose 1 topic for your paper particularly if your instructor has given you an open-ended sort of assignment. Besides taking a look at sample papers and examples, you may also seek advice from your teacher if you don't know how to structure your paper. Well, grading papers can be rather dull. Life After Reservation Blues Essay Topics Opt for the period of life which you think is best and compose an essay arguing why it's the ideal time of life. Your topic is so important because you've got to make sure it is related to the class which you're taking unless it is for English class. You should participate in far-reaching studying to cover all elements of the subject and all point of views by different folks. The fantastic thing about science is there are so many topics you'll be able to write about regardless of which course you're taking. Searching endlessly and visiting dozens of sites which only promise a wide array of fresh and excellent ideas, but, in reality, have the same topics. Remember you could make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. An essay generator is an alternative for those students that have problems to locate something to speak about on their essays, they don't have the creativity neither the patient to choose a topic type instead of even a subject location. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us.

Writing Today by Richard Johnson-Sheehan Book Report/Review

Essays on Writing Today by Richard Johnson-Sheehan Book Report/Review The paper "Writing Today by Richard Johnson-Sheehan" is a worthy example of a book review on literature. Richard Johnson in chapter seven - literary analysis, shows how literary analysis works. To deduce the inner meaning of literary works, it is important to develop utter concentration to identify some information that may appear insignificant yet they contain vital information in analyzing the text. Herein is an analysis of chapter seven of Richard Johnson’s text, Writing today, indicating the major issues in this chapter.   In this chapter, Johnson puts it clearly that it is important to conduct a self-audit to become aware of one’s analyzing capabilities. To become aware of one’s potentiality to critically analyze a literary work, one needs to do so much practice by trying to analyze and to critique as many literary works as possible (Johnson-Sheehan 53). To become a good analyst, one must start by organizing and drafting his or her capabilities to make it easy to improve on the areas that an individual has some difficulty. In this chapter, Johnson recommends that a person needs to practice by reading books and attempting more questions in areas that a person has some difficulty to handle. This chapter also recommends that a person develops his analysis styles following various ways to offer a wider perspective of analyzing literary materials.Chapter seven of this book recommends that a person should be able to revise and edit his analysis skills. This means that an individual needs to be dynamic in the way he tackles literary problems. It is helpful to try different ways of analyzing a text or movie. To attain this, Johnson indicates that a person may approach different texts using different questions and ideas. To attain success, teachers, and students need to be critical analyzers of any literary material that they encounter. To attain this, it is important to think out of the ordinary by developing questions in the text and coming up with viable answers from the literary material.

Betsy Ross Made Me Love Reading free essay sample

Im not sure why I chose the story of Betsy Ross. It may have been because she was female, or it may have been my curiosity about how a woman was chosen to sew the flag of our nation. The author took me back to the sasss, and made me feel like I was right there alongside Betsy. The story told of Betsy Grooms childhood raised with her sixteen siblings In the Quaker Church. Although Betsy knew she would be expelled from the Church and split from her family for marrying outside her faith, she married John Ross when she was 21 years old.The courage It took for Betsy to go against her familys wishes was Inspirational. I could not comprehend how she was able to leave everything she had ever known. The story went on to tell how the two of them began an upholstery business together since Betsy had excellent sewing skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Betsy Ross Made Me Love Reading or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page John and Betsy attended the First Christ Church in Philadelphia, and sat across the aisle from George and Martha Washington. I couldnt imagine how it would feel personally knowing the man who was soon to become President of the United States.Betsy recently embroidered ruffles for George Washingtons shirts and cuffs. In June of 1776, she was asked to sew the American Flag by George Washington, Robert Morris, and George Ross. The author was able to tell Bets story in such a way that I was fascinated and mesmerisms. I learned that books didnt have to be boring. I discovered that not only can you learn from books, you can be entertained. I remember that I read a lot of the biographies In the library that year. I read about George and Martha Washington, Abraham and Mary Lincoln, Benjamin Franklin, JohnAdams, and Dooley Madison. Their stories took me back in time. They taught me how people lived in the past and about all the hardships they had to endure and overcome. Reading opened my eyes to other worlds and experiences. It improved my reading ability and comprehension skills which helped me in school. As I grew older, I continued to read. In middle school and high school I made friends with other girls who also enjoyed reading. Some of the other kids would make fun of me because I was often reading.Since was a chubby child, I was frequently picked on and bullied y the other students. Reading gave me an escape from this abuse. In books I could be someone else, someplace else, and not have to deal with the bad behavior of the other children. I would never have Imagined all those years ago that a simple school assignment would have started me on a life-long Journey with books. I love to disappear into the world of a novel, fall in love with its characters, and lose myself in sure neither she nor Betsy Ross would have ever imagined the impact they would have in my life.

Audit Solutions for Chapter Essay Example

Audit Solutions for Chapter Paper I Focused on short-term prices; failed to perform long-term growth analysis; abdicated all responsibilities to management as long as stock price increased. Board of Directors Broad Role: the major representative Of stockholders to ensure that he organization is run according to the organization charter and there is proper accountability. Specific activities include: * Selecting management. * Reviewing management performance and determining compensation. Declaring dividends * Approving major changes, e. G. Mergers * Approving corporate strategy * Overseeing accountability activities. Inadequate oversight of Approval of management compensation plans, particularly management. Stock options that provided perverse incentives, including incentives to manage earnings. Independent, often dominated by management. * to spend sufficient time or have sufficient expertise to perform duties. * Continually re-priced stock options when market price declined. Management Broad Role: Operations and Accountability, Managing the organization effectively and provide accurate and timely accountability to shareholders and other stakeholders, Specific activities include: * Formulating strategy and risk appetite. Implementing effective internal controls. Developing financial reports. * Developing other reports to meet public, stakeholder, and regulatory requirements. I ;k Earnings management to meet analyst expectations. Granduncle financial reporting. Pushing accounting concepts to achieve reporting objective. * Viewed accounting as a tool, not 3 framework for accurate reporting. Audit Committees Of the Board of Directors I Broad Role: Provide oversight of the internal and external audit function and the process Of preparing the annual accuracy financial statements and public reports on internal control. We will write a custom essay sample on Audit Solutions for Chapter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Audit Solutions for Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Audit Solutions for Chapter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Specific activities include: Selecting the external audit firm. * Approving any non-audit work performed by audit firm. Selecting and/or approving the appointment of the Chief Audit Executive (Internal Auditor), * Reviewing and approving the scope and budget of the internal audit function. * Discussing audit findings with internal auditor and external auditor and advising the Board (and management) on specific actions that should be taken. * Similar to Board members did not have expertise or time to provide effective oversight of audit functions. Were not viewed by auditors as the audit client, Rather the power to hire and fire the auditors often rested with management. I Self-Regulatory Organizations: CPA, FAST Broad Role: Setting accounting and auditing standards dictating underlying tangential reporting and auditing concepts. Set the expectations of audit quality and accounting quality. Specific roles include: * Establishing accounting principles ;k Establishing auditing standard s ;k Interpreting previously issued standards * Implementing quality control processes to ensure audit quality, * Educating members on audit and accounting requirements. Peer reviews did not take a public perspective; rather than looked at standards that ever developed and reinforced internally. ;k CPA: Leadership transposed the organization for a public Organization to a trade association that looked for revenue enhancement opportunities for its members. Did not actively involve third parties in standard setting. FAST: Became more rule-oriented in response to (a) complex economic transactions; and (b) an auditing profession that was more oriented to pushing the rules rather than enforcing concepts. * FAST: Pressure from Congress to develop rules that enhanced economic growth, e. . Allowing organizations to not expense stock options. Other Self-Regulatory Organizations, e. G. NYSE, NASA Broad Role: Ensuring the efficiency of the financial markets including oversight of trading and oversight of companies that are allowed to trade on the exchange. Specific activities include: * Establishing listing requirements including accounting acquirement, govern ance requirements, etc. * Overseeing trading activities, Pushed for improvements tort better corporate governance procedures by its members, but failed to implement those same procedures for its governing board, management, and trading specialists. Regulatory Agencies: the SEC Broad Role: Ensure the accuracy, timeliness, and fairness of public reporting of financial and other information for public companies. Specific activities include: * Reviewing all mandatory filings with the SEC, * Interacting with the V-CAB in setting accounting standards, k Specifying independence standards required of auditors that report on public financial statements, * Identify corporate frauds, investigate causes, and suggest remedial actions. Identified problems but was never granted sufficient resources by Congress or the Administration to deal with the issues. External Auditors I Broad Role: Performing audits of company financial statements to ensure that the statements are free of material misstatements including misstatements that may be due to fraud. Specific activities include: * Audits Of public company financial Statements, * Audits Of non-public company financial statements, * Other accounting related work such as tax or consulting. Pushed accounting concepts to the limit to help organizations achieve earnings objectives. Promoted personnel based on ability to sell non-audit products. Replaced direct tests Of accounting balances with a greater use of inquiries, risk analysis, and analytics. * Failed to uncover basic frauds in cases such as World and Healthful because fundamental audit procedures were not performed. Internal Auditors I Broad Role: Perform audits of companies for compliance with company policies and laws, audits to evaluate the efficiency of operations, and audits to determine the accuracy financial reporting processes. Specific activities include: * Reporting results and analyses to management, (including operational management), and audit committees, Evaluating internal controls. Focused efforts on t)operational audits and assumed that financial auditing was addressed sufficiently by the external audit function. Reported primarily to management with little effective reporting to the audit committee. In Some instances (Healthful, World) did not have access to the corporate financial accounts. I 2-3. The board of directors is often at the top of the list when it comes to responsibility for corporate governance failures. Some of the problems with the road Of directors included: * Inadequate oversight Of management. * Approval of management compensation plans, particularly stock options that provided perverse incentives, including incentives to manage earnings. Non-independent, often dominated by management. * Did not spend sufficient time or have sufficient expertise to perform duties. * Continually re-priced stock options when market price declined. 2-4. Some of the ways the auditing profession was responsible were: * Too concerned about creating revenue enhancement opportunities for the firm, and less concerned about their core services or talents * Were willing to push counting standards to the limit to help clients achieve earnings goals Began to use more audit Shortcuts such as inquiry and analytical procedures instead to direct testing to account balance. ;k Relied on management representations instead of testing management representations. * Were too often advocates of management rather than protectors of users. 2-5. Cookie jar reserves are essentially liabilities or contra-assets that companies have overestimated in previous years to use when times are tougher to smooth earnings. The rationale is that the funds are then used to smooth earnings in he years when earnings need a boost. Smooth earnings typically are looked upon more favorably by the stock market An example of a cookie jar reserve would be over-estimating an allowance account, such as allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance account is then written down (and into the income statement) in a bad year. The result is to increase earnings in the subsequent year. 2-6. Seers should expect auditors to have the expertise, independence, and professional skepticism to render an unbiased and justified opinion on the financial statements. Auditors are expected to gather sufficient applicable evidence to render an independent opinion on the financial statements. 2-7. The Serbians-Cooley Act was designed to clean-up; corporate America, especi ally in the realms of financial reporting. The overall intent was to encourage better corporate governance; to make the audit committee the auditors client; encourage the independence and oversight of the board, and improve the independence of the external audit profession. There were certainly many factors that led to the Serbians-Cooley Act, but the failures at Enron and World will probably be pointed to in the future as the major factors that led o the act being passed when it was. The Congress intended to develop a new reporting process that would provide just cause for the public to again trust financial statements and the audit processes leading up to the audit opinion. 2-8. The PEPCO is mandated by Congress to set standards for audits of public companies and perform quality control inspections of CPA firms that audit public companies. In order to carry out these responsibilities, the APACE requires all firms that audit LIST. Listed (public) companies to register With it. It performs annual inspections on all audit firms that audit more than 100 public companies each year. It performs less frequent inspections, usually once every three years, for audit firms that audit less than 100 companies annually. The PEPCO issues Inspection Reports for each inspection that is performed. The first part describes problems they encountered in their review;. 5 of audits and that part is made public. The second part describes problems that the firms have with their quality control process. The second part is not issued publicly unless the firms fail to address the problems pointed out within a reasonable time frame usually no more than a year. 2-9, Management has always been responsible for fairness, completeness, and accuracy attitudinal statements, but the Serbians-Cooley Act goes a step further by requiring the CEO and COOP to certify the accuracy of financial statements with criminal penalties as a punishment for materially misstated statements. The CEO and COOP must make public their certifications and assume responsibility for the fairness of the financial presentations. It thereby encourages organizations to improve their financial reporting functions. 2-10. Whistle blowing enables violations of a companys ethical code to be reported to appropriate levels in an organization, including the audit committee. Because of its presence, potential violators know that there is a real possibility and simple avenue by which inappropriate actions may be revealed. As such, it contains a preventive component that is indirectly helpful to the audit committee in fulfilling its corporate governance role. 2-11. There are a number of provisions that are designed to increase auditor independence. First, Rule 201 Of the Act prohibits any registered public accounting firm from providing many non-audit services to their public audit clients. Second, the audit committee became the client instead of management, and only the audit committee can hire and fire auditors. Third, audit partners are required to rotate every five years. Finally, the auditors are expected to follow fundamental principles of independence that have been enacted by the SEC (more details in Chapter 3). 2-12. Management is responsible for issued financial statements. Although other parties may he sued for what is contained in the statements, management is ultimately responsible. Ownership is important because it establishes responsibility and accountability, Management must set up and monitor financial reporting systems that help it meet its reporting obligations. It cannot delegate this responsibility to the auditors, 2-13. An audit committee is a subcommittee of the board of directors that is composed of independent, outside directors. The audit committee has oversight responsibility (on behalf of the full board of directors and its stockholders) for the outside reporting of the company (including annual financial statements); risk monitoring and control processes; and both internal and external audit functions. 2-14. An outside director is not a member of management, legal counsel, a major vendor, outside service provider, former employee, or others who may eave a personal relationship with management that might impair their objectivity or independence. The audit committee is responsible for assessing the independence of the external auditor and engage only auditors it believes are independent. Auditors are now hired and tired by audit committee members, not management. The intent is to make auditor accountability more congruent with stockholder and third-party needs. 2-15. The primary point of this question is for students to understand that the audit committees role is one of oversight rather than direct responsibility, Poor example, management is responsible for the fairness of the financial statements. Auditors are responsible for their audit and independent assessment of financial reporting. The audit committee is not designed to replace the responsibility of either of these functions. The audit committees oversight processes are to see that the management processes for financial reporting are adequate and the auditors carry out their responsibilities in an independent and competent manner. -16. The audit committee has the ability to hire and fire both the internal auditor and the external auditor _ However, in the case Of the internal audit unction, the audit committee has the ability to hire and fire the head of internal audit as well as set the audit plan and budget. The audit committee does not control regulatory auditors. But should meet with regulatory auditors to understand the scope of their work and to discuss audit findings with them. 2-17. The Serbians-Cooley Act applies only to public companies. Therefore, the Act does not require non-public companies to have audit committees. That is not to say that it does not happen or is not a good idea, however. Most stakeholders want an independent party to ensure that their interests are being considered, The CPA recommends audit committees tort smaller public companies. 2-18. The external auditor should discuss any controversial accounting choices with the audit committee and must communicate all significant adjustments made to the financial statements during the course of the audit In addition, the processes used in making judgments and estimates as well as any disagreements with management should be communicated. Other items that need to be communicated include: * All adjustments that were not made during the course Of the audit, Difficulties in conducting the audit, * The auditors assessment Of the accounting principles used and overall airiness of the financial presentation, * The clients consultation with other auditors, * Any consultation with management before accepting the audit engagement, * Significant deficiencies in internal control. 2-19. The audit committee needs to ensure that the auditor is independent with respect to the annual audit. In order to ensure that independence, the audit committee must consider all other services that might be performed by the external auditor and approve any such services, in advance. Fifth audit committee approves the services, they are in essence saying that the provision of he services will not impair the auditors independence. 2-20. Good governance is important to the external auditor for a number of reasons, including, but not limited to the following. Good governance ;k usually leads to better corporate performance, * reflects a commitment to a high level of ethics, integrity, and sets a strong tone for the organizations activities, ;k requires a commitment to financial reporting competencies and to good internal controls, * reduces the risk that the company will have materially misstated financial statements. If a client does not have good governance, there are greater risks associated tit the client. Boor example, their poor performance may lead to financial failure and lack of payment of the audit fee. Or their poor governance may lead to improprieties in financial reporting Which puts the auditor at risk in terms Of litigation (if the improprieties go undetected by the auditor). 2-21. The auditor might utilize the following procedures in determining the actual level of governance in an organization: * observe the functioning of the audit committee by participating in the meetings, noting the quality of the audit committee questions and responses, interactions with management regarding issues related to the audit, e. . Providing requested information on a timely basis, * quality of financial personnel in making judgments, * accounting choices that tend to push the limits towards aggressiveness or creating additional reported net income, the quality of internal controls within the organization. Review the minutes of the board of directors meetings to determine that they are consistent with good governance, review internal audit reports and especially determine the actions taken by management concerning the internal auditors findings and recommendations, * review the compensation plan for top management, k review management expense reimbursements to determine (a) com pleteness of documentation, (b) appropriateness of requested reimbursement, and (c) extent of such requests. ;k review managements statements to the financial press to determine if they are consistent With the companys operations. -22. Good corporate governance is correlated With increased corporate performance as measured by return on equity, or return on capital. Generally, good corporate governance reduces audit risk as it is less likely that the organization will suffer from problems of management integrity, or would have n environment that might allow or permit fraud. Less audit risk implies that the amount of work to render an opinion on the financial statements would also be less than that required for a company with poorer corporate governance. 2-23. The three categories of audit standards are general standards, fieldwork standards, and reporting standards. General standards cover the characteristics of the auditor technical training and proficiency, independence, and due professional care, Fieldwork standards provide guidance concerning planning and performing the audit. Reporting standards cover the essential elements of he auditors communication, including the opinion, the criteria against which the assertions were tested, and an explanation of the basis for the testators opinion. -24. Due professional care is the expectation that an audit will be conducted with the skill and care of a professional. The standard of due professional care plays a role in litigation against auditors. Plaintiffs will try to show that the auditor did not do what a reasonably prudent auditor would have done. To evaluate the standard, a third-party also decides whether someone with similar skills in a similar situation would have acted in the same w ay. -25. There are three important dimensions identified in Exhibit 2. : * Scope of Information on which assurance is provided, * Nature of Organizations on which assurance is provided, Company being audited. * Domicile of These three dimensions influence the identification of applicable auditing standards as follows: A U. S. Public company filing annual reports follows PEPCO standards. U. S. Non-public company issuing financial statements, follows CPA standards, A foreign company tiling financial statements in a different country follows International Standards or the standards of that country, * IS. S, companies reporting on other than financial information follows CPA Attestation or Assurance Standards, 2-26. Poor the most part, the standards issued by the SAAB are quite similar to that of the two LLC. S. Based audit standard setters. They differ in the following major ways: * The auditor must assess the appropriateness Of the accounting framework against which the audit opinion will be given (U. S. Standards require only that the auditor communicate if the accounting is not consistent With LIST. IGMP. ) SAAB utilizes a concept of Professional Skepticism rather than independence. The SAAB utilizes a concept of reasonable assurance compared with the U. S. Evidence on sufficiency of audit evidence and due professional care, *The AIMS standards include both audit standards and assurance standards. 2-27. The SAAB Audit Standards are quite consistent with that of the PEPCO as well as that of the CPA. Most of the concepts are the same, but are stated differently. They are very similar in the following ways: ;k Requirement of independence, * Gathering and evaluation of sufficient evidence, ;k Documentation of audit work, * Audit designed to minimize audit risk, ;k Due professional care vs.. Seasonable assurance, * Nature of the audit report The CPA and the SAAB have announced a plan to work towards convergence of existing and future standards. The PEPCO has not yet announced a plan for convergence. 2-28. An audit engagement applies to the development Of an opinion on an organizations financial statements. It is planned that the financial statements Will be used by t hird parties Who do not hue direct access to client data. The audit engagement is a form of positive assurance in which an opinion must be rendered. An assurance engagement differs from an audit in a number of important dimensions: It can apply to almost any assertion that management wants to make as long as there is agreed-upon criteria by which to test managements assertion. It is preferable that the criteria are generally accepted. * An assurance engagement generally requires a third party (although assurance can also be provided to the audit client), but it is an identified third-party as opposed to a potential user of financial statements, Assurance can be given on individual items of a companys financial statements, rather than the full set of statements. -29. Assurance engagements are designed to provide positive assurance, i. . The item being attested to is either properly presented, or is not properly presented. Poor example, one of the Big 4 firms provides assurance to the audience that the votes are properly maintained and counted for the Emmy Awards _ A limited assurance engagement does not contemplate a full audit or assurance engagement such that sufficient information (evidence) is gathered to warrant a positive statement about Whether the item being assured is, or is not, properly presented. Rather, based on a more limited amount of work. He auditor either states that nothing came to his or her attention based on the emitted procedures that indicates something is not fairly presented. This is often referred to as negative assurance. An even more limited assurance engagement is one in which the accountant expresses no assurance whatsoever on the item being reported. * Auditing Standards apply to the auditors task of developing and then communicating an opinion on financial statements and, where applicable, independent opinions on the quality of an organizations internal control over financial statements to the board, management, and outside third parties. Assurance Standards apply the auditors task of developing and communicating n opinion on financial information outside of the normal financial statements, or on non-financial information to management, the board, and outside third- parties. Assurance services are engagements in which a practitioner expresses a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria. Attestation Standards is a term used by the CPA to describe assurance services that involve gathering evidence regarding specific assertions and communicating an opinion On the fairness Of the presentation to a third party. k Compilation and Review Standards refer to CPA Standards that apply only to non-public companies where the board or a user has requested some assurance on the fairness of presentation financial statements. These are referred to as negative assurance standards because the auditor does not gather enough evidence to support a statement as to whether the financial statements are fairly presented. -31. Independence means objectivity and freedom from bias. The auditor can favor neither the client nor the third party in evaluating the fairness of the financial statements The auditor must be independent in fact and in appearance. Independence in fact means the auditor is unbiased and objective. An auditor could be independent in tact it he or she owned a few shares of co mmon stock in an audit client, but might not appear independent to a third party. Independence in appearance means that a third party with knowledge of the auditors relationship with the client would consider the auditor to be independent. Professional skepticism, as used in the standards promulgated by the PASS, has a broader meaning in that it refers to all of the factors that valued affect an auditors ability to exercise proper skepticism in an audit engagement. The actors to be considered Vary from those associated With the individual, such as objectivity, to those associated with the structure of the firm. These are similar to the independence standards that emphasize both audit firm relationships to the client as well as objectivity. However, the SAAB emphasis on professional skepticism goes a bit further: an auditor could be Objective, but not necessarily exercise professional skepticism, i. E. Being open to potential explanations of events that are not consistent with the auditors prior experiences. Professional skepticism appears to be a broader term than independence.